History+of+Tobacco

===//"Huron Indian myth has it that in ancient times, when the land was barren and the people were starving, the Great Spirit sent forth a woman to save humanity. As she traveled over the world, everywhere her right hand touched the soil, there grew potatoes. And everywhere her left hand touched the soil, there grew corn. And when the world was rich and fertile, she sat down and rested. When she arose, there grew tobacco . . ." Gene Borio*//=== One of the World's strongest addiction, Tobacco has its long history: • Prehistory: There were found pieces of evidence of nicotine usage in the Prehistoric times in the human body remains. Belladonna and Nicotiana africana were found in the Middle East and Africa but there are no signs of using nicotine in the daily routine.  • Indian Tribes:The Indian Tribes began using pipes to smoke tobacco and those pipes were one of the most traditional crops of their life in the tribe. The pipe would be buried with its owner when the owner died and this would let the dead enjoy the happy hunting-ground during his last journey. Indians believed that the Great Spirit was the one who originated smoking tobacco through the pipe. • 6,000 BCE: The Tobacco plants start growing and extend through both Americas. • 1 BCE: First Americans start finding new ways of using tobacco such as; smoking and chewing it. They found number of different ways of inhaling tobacco.



COMMON ERA • 470- 630 CE: The Mayas tribes started emerging and split into different groups. The Toltecs created the famous Aztec Empire and still kept the ritual and the techniques of smoking from the Mayas. The ones in the Court of Montezuma used to fit tobacco and other herbs in the pipes from which they smoked after the main meal. While the Mayas had more challenging and advanced methods of tobacco usage, Indians rolled the tobacco leaves that constructed a cigar. It was than when smoking became a part of religion and it was believed their god, Manitou was born from smoke. • 600-1000 CE: In Guatemala there is found a pottery set where a Maya is smoking and indicates that smoking was a big part of the traditional life.

1400-1500 CE • 1492 CE: Christopher Columbus finds “The Newland”, arriving in America, the Arawak tribe gave gifts to the newcomers. Columbus received exotic fruits, wooden spears and “dried leaves” that had a very strong smell. The “dried leaves” were the tobacco leaves which were ordered to be thrown out of the ship. Couple days later, Columbus is mentioning the tobacco leaves and how precious they were in the foreigners’ society, in his journal. "We found a man in a canoe going from Santa Maria to Fernandia. He had with him some dried leaves which are in high value among them, for a quantity of it was brought to me at San Salvador"- Christopher Columbus’ Journal. • 1492 November: Rodrigo de Jerezand Luis de Torres were the first ones to observe smoking. They said that the foreigners wrapped the dried tobacco leaves in palm. They lighted one end and inhaled the smoke from the other. Rodrigo de Jerez became the first European smoker. He decided to bring the new custom to his country, Spain. When the people saw how the smoke came out from his mouth and nose, they were scared. The people said that he was “imprisoned by the holy inquisitors” for 7 years. When he got out of the prison, everyone smoked in Spain and it was a new part of the daily life. • 1498: Columbus visits Trinidad and Tobago and names them after the native tobacco pipe from the Indian customs. • 1499: Amerigo Vespucci noticed that American Indians were chewing green leaves mixed with some kind of white powder. They tied 2 guards around their necks and one of them was filled with the tobacco leaves and one with the powder. They first chewed the leaves. Later they dipped a small stick of saliva into the powder. This mixture was later mixed with the leaves in the mouth, inventing a kind of chewing tobacco. • 1500: Tobacco customs are spread all around Japan and the monks use the seeds as their payment for sins during the pilgrimages.

1500- 1600 CE • 1548: Portuguese farmers decided to cultivate tobacco in Brazil. • 1559: France, Portugal and Spain are introduced and slowly addicted to tobacco usage. • 1965: England and French Royalty starts smoking. • 1971: First book about tobacco is published. It is written by Nicholas Monardes "De Hierba Panacea", • 1577: Framton translates the book into English. “Tobacco is recommended for toothache, falling fingernails, worms, halitosis, lockjaw & cancer by the doctors. “ • 1586: In Germany the book, “De plantis epitome utilissima” is calling tobacco the “violent herb” and it is the first of a kind warning of smoking. In the same time tobacco enters the English daily life and society welcomes it very proudly.

1600- 1700 CE • 1603: The doctors of England are now shocked by the number of smokers and say that they make everything stink. They are also worrying about the fact that people get tobacco without any prescription. • 1606: The first advertisement is growing together with America. • 1614: First sale of tobacco from Virginia in England and Virginia colony enters world tobacco market. • 1624: England establishes a royal tobacco monopoly and getting the product from Virginia. • 1639: In China it is a crime to use and distribute tobacco. • 1642- The whole world was introduced to smoking. • 1650: In parts of North America, people under the age of 21 cannot smoke.

1700- 1900 CE • 1701: Doctors say that a big amount of tobacco can cause serious damage to organs and appearance. • 1800-1860- Doctors are worried about health is use tobacco and tobacco economy expands. • 1805- First women to smoke publicly are the “Lorettes”, the prostitutes near the Notre Dame in France. • 1846- During the Mexican War, Americans can taste the darker and better tobacco that comes from the Latin countries.
 * 1897- First cigarette commercial. [Look in the video section]

1900- NO • 1900- In Washington, North Dakota, Tennessee and Iowa it is outlawed to sell tobacco. Strong activity against smoking in 43/45 states. • “1901: CONSUMPTION: 3.5 billion cigarettes and 6 billion cigars are sold. Four in five American men smoke at least one cigar a day.” • 1900-1999- About 30 big cigarette brands are in tobacco market. The best selling cigarettes at that time were: 1. Camel- 98.2 billion 2. Lucky Star Regulars- 82.5 billion 3. Chesterfield Regulars- 66.1 billion 4. Commander- 39.9 billion 5. Old Gold Regulars- 19.5 billion

• 1930- 1955- The first warning on the cigarette and cigar boxes are labeled. Finding out that tobacco can cause serious diseases and that a baby inside a mother’s stomach can get addicted if mother smokes during pregnancy.
 * 1969- The first anti-smoking commercial was constructed for the good of people. [Look below in the video section]

• 2001- 20% of the deaths are caused by lung cancer which is partly caused by smoking. • 2008- “There are 1.1 billion smokers in the world today, and if current trends continue, that number is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by the year 2025.” According to Terry Martin from About.com. • “Kids are still picking up smoking at the alarming rate of 3,000 a day in the U.S., and 80,000 to 100,000 a day worldwide.” According to Terry Martin from About.com. • “Every eight seconds, a human life is lost to tobacco use somewhere in the world. That translates to approximately 5 million deaths annually.” According to Terry Martin from About.com.


 * media type="youtube" key="ZMGNf_jaOzI" width="425" height="350" || media type="youtube" key="ptZiIsEZY4U" width="425" height="350" ||


 * media type="youtube" key="yNuQ6G1G_KQ" width="425" height="350" || media type="youtube" key="cmzDLzqQ-A0" width="425" height="350" ||

The first video is showing the first and the easiest part of the tobacco process. The second movie is presenting some comparisons, over the years and how the opinions changed about the tobacco effects on health. The third video was one of the first cigarette commercials and the fourth video was the first anti-smoking commercial.

Websites used: [Citations] Breed. Fall 2007. 1 May 2008 . Winter 2007. 3 May 2008 . Pictures Used:
 * Borio, Gene. "The Tobacco Timeline." Tobacco News and Information. Ed. Larry
 * Martin, Terry. "20 Shocking Smoking Facts." About.com. Ed. Medical Review Board.
 * Indian Smoking- http://www.old-picture.com/indians/pictures/Indian-Smoking-Pipe.jpg
 * Rodrigo de Jerez and his ship- http://www.faviles.com/Imagenes/colon.jpg
 * Virginia Tobacco- http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/220000/images/_224593_golden_virginia300.jpg
 * Smoking Warnings [2 on the same site] http://www.hpb.gov.sg/data/hpb.home/media/pressrelease/sample.jp

Videos:
 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMGNf_jaOzI
 * http://youtube.com/watch?v=yNuQ6G1G_KQ
 * http://youtube.com/watch?v=cmzDLzqQ-A0
 * http://youtube.com/watch?v=gCMzjJjuxQI&feature=related